Sunday, 1 December 2013

Choosing A Guru

Author : Swami Chinmayananda
Description : The guru and disciple relationship is unavoidable. Every great master has been under
the guidance of a teacher. So it is not true when they say that a teacher is not necessary—that
we can reach there just through books.

But you have to understand very carefully. To say the guru is necessary does not mean that the guru will take the responsibility that you must meet a guru and thereafter the guru will carry you to the goal.

The relationship between the teacher and the taught is exactly like the relationship of the gardener and the flowers on the bush. The gardener does not create the flowers from the soil and the manure; the flowers must themselves come from the bush. The poor garde¬ner can only tend its roots, water it, protect it, see that it has the correct amount of sunlight and shade-all these externals, "nursing," he can provide. But no mere gardener can guarantee the blossom; it can come only from the bush itself.

Similarly, the teacher's job is to nurture the student the student must be nourished with the right thoughts. The student must be given a conducive and protective environment where he or she need not overstrain just to live. But the blossoming—the real fragrance and beauty of the personality—must come from within.

There are some gurus who will say that they will carry you to the goal. Those are all "mule gurus." You can ride on them. But the true gurus only show you the way and encourage you to keep up...

As the student advances and the mind becomes quiet and concentrated, its subtler powers come to manifest themselves—they are called siddhis. If you revel in the play of these psychic powers, you may never reach the Highest. Here, too, the guru is needed—to knock you down: "Why are you tarrying here? You may enjoy such fascinations in passing, but don't stay here and play with these toys, for you are still only playing with the mind, and you will never reach the Highest. Go forward!"...

You ask, "How does one choose a guru?"

It is not question of the disciple selecting the guru. No. He gravitates toward a guru, and he will find exactly the guru he needs for his mental development at this time.

So choose whatever guru comes to you. But may you understand that the only guru is He, the Lord, who expresses in many forms.

WHAT IS KARMA ??


Karma is one of those topics that many people know a little about, but few understand the intricacies of it. To start with, the third law of Newton's "Laws of Motions" is that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. On the universal scale, this is the law of karma. The law of karma basically states that every action has a reaction and whatever you do to others will later return to you. Furthermore, ignorance of the law is no excuse. We are still accountable for everything we do, regardless of whether we understand it or not. Therefore, the best thing is to learn how it works.

If everyone understood the law of karma, we would all be living a happier life in a brighter world. Why? Because we could know how to adjust our lives so we would not be suffering the constant reactions of what we have done due to the false aims of life.

According to Vedic literature, karma is the law of cause and effect. For every action there is a cause as well as a reaction. Karma is produced by performing fruitive activities for bodily or mental development. One may perform pious activities that will produce good reactions or good karma for future enjoyment. Or one may perform selfish or what some call sinful activities that produce bad karma and future suffering. This follows a person wherever he or she goes in this life or future lives. Such karma, as well as the type of consciousness a person develops, establishes reactions that one must experience.

The Svetashvatara Upanishad (5.12) explains that the living being, the jiva soul, acquires many gross physical and subtle bodies due to the actions he performs, as is motivated by the material qualities to which he obtains. These bodies that are acquired continue to be a source of illusion as long as he is ignorant of his real identity.

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (4.45) further clarifies that as the atma or soul in the gross and subtle bodies acts, so thereby he obtains different conditions. By acting saintly he becomes a saint, and by acting immorally he becomes subject to the karmic consequences. In this way, he accrues piety or the burden of impiety accordingly.
Similarly, it is stated that as a man sows, so shall he reap. Therefore, as people live their present life, they cultivate a particular type of consciousness by their thoughts and activities, which may be good or bad. This creates a person’s karma.

This karma will direct us into a body that is most appropriate for the reactions that we need to endure, or the lessons we need to learn. Thus, the cause of our existence comes from the activities of our previous lives. Since everything is based on a cause, it is one’s karma that will determine one’s situation, such as race, color, sex, or area of the world in which one will appear, or whether one is born in a rich or poor family, or be healthy or unhealthy, etc., etc.

So when the living beings take birth again, they get a certain kind of body that is most suitable for the type of consciousness they have developed. Therefore, according to the Padma Purana, there are 8,400,000 species of life, each offering a particular class of body for whatever kind of desires and consciousness the living being may have in this world. In this way, the living entity is the son of his past and the father of his future. Thus, he is presently affected by his previous life’s activities and creates his future existence by the actions he performs in this life. A person will reincarnate into various forms of bodies that are most suitable for the living entity’s consciousness, desires, and for what he deserves. So the living being inevitably continues in this cycle of birth and death and the consequences for his various good or bad activities as long as he is materially motivated.

What creates good or bad karma is also the nature of the intent behind the action. If one uses things selfishly or out of anger, greed, hate, revenge, etc., then the nature of the act is of darkness. One will incur bad karma from it that will later manifest as reversals in life, painful events, disease or accidents. While things that are done for the benefit of others, out of kindness and love, with no thought of return, or for worshiping God, are all acts of goodness and piety, which will bring upliftment or good fortune to you. However, if you do something bad that happens because of an accident or a mistake, without the intent to do any harm to others, the karma is not so heavy. Maybe you were meant to be an instrument in someone else’s karma, which is also yours. It will take into consideration your motivation. Yet the greater the intent or awareness of doing something wrong, the greater the degree of negative reaction there will be. So it is all based on the intent behind the action.

However, we should understand that, essentially, karma is for correcting a person, not for mere retribution of past deeds. The universe is based on compassion. Everyone has certain lessons and ways in which he must develop, and the law of karma actually directs one in a manner to do that. Nonetheless, one is not condemned to stay in this cycle of repeated birth and death forever. There is a way out. In the human form one can acquire the knowledge of spiritual realization and attain release from karma and further rounds of birth and death. This is considered to be the most important achievement one can accomplish in life. This is why every religious process in the world encourages people who want freedom from earthly existence not to hanker for material attachments or sensual enjoyments which bind them to this world, but to work towards what can free them from further cycles of birth and death.

All karma can be negated when one truly aspires to understand or realize the higher purpose in life and spiritual truth. When one reaches that point, his life can be truly spiritual which gives eternal freedom from change. By striving for the Absolute Truth, or for serving God in devotional service, especially in bhakti-yoga, a person can reach the stage in which he is completely relieved of all karmic obstacles or responsibilities. Lord Krishna says in Bhagavad-gita (18.66): “Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reaction. Do not fear.”

Without being trained in this spiritual science, it is very difficult to understand how the living being leaves his body or what kind of body he will get in the future, or why there are various species of life which accommodate all the living entities’ innumerable levels of consciousness. As related in the Bhagavad-gita, those who are spiritually ignorant cannot understand how a living entity can depart the body at the time of death, nor can they understand what kind of body he or she will enjoy while under the influence of the modes of nature. However, one who has been trained in knowledge can perceive this.

Thus, we encourage everyone to understand the law of karma more completely and how one can engage in the devotional service of the Lord in order to become free of all good or bad karma and develop a purely spiritualized consciousness. This is real freedom and liberation from all material limitations by which one can reach the spiritual strata.

SRI VARALAKSHMI VRATA KATHA : వరలక్ష్మీ వ్రత కల్పము



పూజా సామగ్రి:

శ్రీ వరలక్ష్మీ దేవతాయైనమః
 1. పసుపు.
2. కుంకుమ.
3. పండ్లు.
4. పూలు.
5. తమలపాకులు.
6. అగరవత్తులు.
7. వక్కలు.
8. కర్పూరం.
9. గంధం.
10. అక్షింతలు.
11. కొబ్బరి కాయలు.
12. కలశము.
13. కలశ వస్త్రము

1. అమ్మవారి ప్రతిమ లేక విగ్రహము.
2. పంచామృతము అనగా :
  • ఆవు పాలు,
  • ఆవు పెరుగు, 
  • ఆవు నెయ్య, 
  • తేనె, 
  • పంచదార, అన్నీ కలిపినది.
3. దీపములు , తైలం, నెయ్యి.
4. వస్త్రములు: పత్తితో చేయవచ్చు. లేదా కొత్తచీర, రవిక ( జాకెట్టు గుడ్డ ) ఉన్నచో అమ్మవారికి పూజా సమయంలో సమర్పించి తర్వాత కట్టుకోవచ్చు.
5. ఆభరణములు : కొత్తవి చేయిస్తే అవి అమ్మవారికి పెట్టిన తరువాత వేసుకోవచ్చు.
6. మహా నైవేద్యం : నేతితో చేసిన 12 రకముల పిండివంటలు. వీలు కాకపోతే వారి వారి శక్తి కొలదీ రకరకాల పిండివంటలు చేయవచ్చు.
7. తోరము : తొమ్మిది ముడులు వేసిన తోరము. పసుపు దారములో ఒక్కొక్క పూవు పెట్టి ఒక్కొక్క ముడి వేయవలెను. (తొమ్మిది తోరాలు కావాలి. ఒకటి అమ్మవారికి, మరొకటి మీకు, మిగతావి ముత్తయిదువులకు).
8. పసుపు ముద్దతో వినాయకుడిని చేయవలెను. ఒక పీటమీద కొద్దిగా బియ్యము పరచి, పూర్ణకుంభంలో ( వెండి/ఇత్తడి/రాగి/కంచు చెంబులో ) కొత్త బియ్యము వేసి, మర్రియిగుళ్ళు గాని, మామిడి ఆకులు గాని, అవి దొరకక పోతే తమల పాకులు గాని వేసి, ఆ కుంభం మీద కొత్త రవికెల గుడ్డ చుట్టిన కొబ్బరికాయ ఉంచి దానిని పీట మీద మధ్యగా ఉంచి, పూజకు సిద్ధం చేయాలి.
9. మంచి నీటితో గ్లాసు, ఉద్దరిణా ఉంచుకోవాలి.

శ్రీ వరలక్ష్మీదేవి వ్రత కథ:

అక్షింతలు చేతిలో వేసుకుని, కథ భక్తి,శ్రద్దలతో చదవండి /వినండి.

సూత మహాముని శౌనకుడు మొదలైన మహర్షులని చూసి యిలా అన్నాడు. 'ఓ మునీశ్వరు లారా! స్త్రీలకు సర్వ సౌభాగ్యములు కలుగు వ్రతమొకటి పూర్వము శివుడు పార్వతికి చెప్పాడు. దానిని చెప్తాను వినండి'.

ఒక రోజు కైలాస పర్వతమున శివుడు తన సింహాసనము మీద కూర్చుని ఉండగా, పార్వతీదేవి ఆయనని సమీపించి, 'దేవా! లోకంలో స్త్రీలు ఏ వ్రతం చేస్తే సర్వసౌభాగ్యములను, పుత్రపౌత్రాదులను కలిగి సుఖసంతోషాలతో ఉంటారో అటువంటి వ్రతమేదో సెలవీయండి' అని అడుగగా పరమేశ్వరుడిలా చెప్పాడు. 'ఓ దేవీ! స్త్రీలకు పుత్ర పౌత్రాది సంపత్తులనిచ్చే వ్రతం ఒకటి ఉంది. దాని పేరు వరలక్ష్మీ వ్రతం. ఆ వ్రతమును శ్రావణమాసంలో శుక్లపక్ష పూర్ణిమకు ముందుగా వచ్చే శుక్రవారము రోజు చేయవలెను'.

పార్వతీదేవి ' నాథా! ఆ వరలక్ష్మీ వ్రతము ఎలా చేయాలి , ఏ దేవతను పూజించాలి? ఏ విధంగా చేయాలి? దీనినెవరైనా యింతకు ముందు చేసారా? ఆ వివరములన్నీ చెప్పండి' అని అడుగగా శివుడు పార్వతీదేవిని చూసి, ఓ కాత్యాయనీ! వరలక్ష్మీ వ్రత విశేషాలు చెప్తాను విను. పూర్వము మగధ దేశమున కుండినమనే ఒక పట్టణం ఉంది. ఆ పట్టణము నిండా బంగారు ప్రాకారములు, బంగారు గోడలు గల ఇళ్ళు ఉన్నాయి. అందులో చారుమతి అనే ఒక బ్రాహ్మణ స్త్రీ ఉన్నది. ఆమె పతియే ప్రత్యక్ష దైవముగా భావించి, తెల్లవారు ఝామునే లేచి, స్నానం చేసి, పతిదేవుని పూవులతో కొలిచి ఆ తర్వాత అత్తమామలకు అవసరమైన అనేక సేవలు చేసి, యింటి పనులన్నీ ఓర్పుతో, నేర్పుతో చేసుకుంటుండేది. అందరితో ప్రియంగా, మితంగా మాట్లాడుతుండేది. గయ్యాళిగా కాకుండా , ఇంత అణకువగా నున్న ఆ మహా పతివ్రతను చూసి మహాలక్ష్మికి ఆమె మీద అనుగ్రహం కలిగింది.

ఒకరోజు ఆ మాహాయిల్లాలికి కలలో ప్రత్యక్షమై మహాలక్ష్మి ఇలా చెప్పింది. 'ఓ చారుమతీ! నేను వరలక్ష్మీ దేవిని. నీ నడవడిక చూసి, నాకు నీ మీద అనుగ్రహం కలిగి నీకు ప్రత్యక్షమయ్యాను. శ్రావణమాసంలో శుక్ల పక్ష పూర్ణిమకు ముందుగా వచ్చే శుక్రవారం రోజు నువ్వు నన్ను పూజించితే నీకు కోరిన వరములిస్తాను' అలా ప్రత్యక్షమైన అమ్మ వారిని చూసి ఎంతో మురిసిపోయిన చారుమతీ దేవి కలలోనే వరలక్ష్మీ దేవికి ప్రదక్షిణ , నమస్కారములు చేసి ;

నమస్తే సర్వలోకానాం జనన్యై పుణ్య మూర్తయేశరణ్యే త్రిజగ ద్వంద్యే విష్ణు వక్షస్థలాలయే


అని అనేక విధములు స్తోత్రం చేసింది.

'ఓ జగజ్జననీ! నీ కటాక్షంబు కలిగితే జనులు ధన్యులవుతారు. విద్వాంసులవుతారు. సకల సంపన్నులవుతారు. నేను పూర్వ జన్మలలో చేసిన పూజఫలం వల్ల నీ దర్శనము నాకు కలిగింది'. అనగా వరలక్ష్మీ దేవి సంతోషము చెందింది.

ఆ వెంటనే మెలకువ వచ్చి నాలుగు వైపులా చూస్తే చారుమతికి వరలక్ష్మీ దేవి కనబడ లేదు. అప్పుడామెకు అర్థమైంది తాను కలగన్నానని. వెంటనే భర్తనీ, అత్తమామలని లేపి చెప్పగానే వాళ్ళు కూడా చాలా సంతోషించారు. 'ఈ స్వప్నము చాలా ఉత్తమమైనది. దేవి ఆనతి ప్రకారం నువ్వు తప్పకుండా ఆ వ్రతం చెయ్యి' అన్నారు. చారుమతి తన యిరుగు పొరుగున ఉన్న స్త్రీలకు కూడా చెప్పింది. వాళ్ళు , చారుమతి ఎంతో ఉత్కంఠతో శ్రావణ మాసం ఎప్పుడొస్తుందా అని ఎదురు చూడసాగారు.

వారు ఎంతో ఎదురు చూసిన పౌర్ణమి ముందు శుక్రవారము రానే వచ్చింది. ఈ రోజే కదా వరలక్ష్మీ దేవి చెప్పిన రోజని ఎంతో ఉత్సాహంతో చారుమతి మొదలగు స్త్రీలందరూ పూజకుపక్రమించారు. ప్రాతః కాలమే లేచి తలారా స్నానం చేసి, పట్టు బట్టలను కట్టుకున్నారు. చారుమతి యింట్లో అందరూ చేరారు. అక్కడ ఒక ప్రదేశంలో గోమయముతో అలికారు. ఒక మంటపం ఏర్పరిచారు. దాని మీద ఒక ఆసనం వేసారు. ఆసనం పైన కొత్త బియ్యము పోసి , మర్రిచిగుళ్ళు, మామిడాకుల అలంకారలతో కలశం ఏర్పరిచారు. అందులోకి వరలక్ష్మీ దేవిని అవాహనము చేసారు.

చారుమతి మొదలగు స్త్రీలంతా ఎంతో భక్తి శ్రద్ధలతో పూజ చేసారు.

పద్మాసనే పద్మకరే సర్వలోకైక పూజితేనారాయణ ప్రియే దేవీ సుప్రీతా భవసర్వదా


అను ఈ శ్లోకంతో ధ్యానావాహనాది షోడశోపచార పూజ చేసారు. తొమ్మిది సూత్రములు గల తోరాన్ని కుడి చేతికి కట్టుకున్నారు. వరలక్ష్మీ దేవికి అనేక రకములైన పిండి వంటలు చేసి నైవేద్యం పెట్టారు.

దాని తర్వాత ప్రదక్షిణం చేస్తుండగా ఆ స్త్రీలందరికీ ఘల్లుఘల్లు మని శబ్ధం వినపడింది. వెంటనే తమ కాళ్ళను చూసుకుంటే గజ్జెలు మొదలైన ఆభరణములు కనిపించాయి. చారుమతి మొదలైన స్త్రీలంతా వరలక్ష్మీ దేవి కృపా కటాక్షములు కలిగాయని ఎంతో మురిసి పోయారు. రెండో ప్రదక్షిణం చేయగానే చేతులకు ధగధగ లాడే నవరత్నాలతో కూడిన కంకణములు మొదలైన ఆభరణములు కనిపించాయి. ఇంక వాళ్ల ఆనందం ప్రత్యేకించి చెప్పేదేముంది? మూడవ ప్రదక్షిణం పూర్తి కాగానే అ స్త్రీలంతా సర్వభూషణాలంకృతులయ్యారు. చారుమతి మొదలైన ఆ స్త్రీల యిళ్ళన్నీస్వర్ణమయాలయ్యాయి.వాళ్ళకి రథగజ తురగ వాహనాలు ప్రసాదింపబడ్డాయి.

చారుమతి యింటి నుంచి ఆ స్త్రీలను తీసుకుని పోవడానికి వారి వారి యిళ్ళ నుంచి గుర్రాలు, ఏనుగులు, రథాలు, బండ్లు వచ్చాయి. ఆ స్త్రీలు, చారుమతి కలిసి వారి చేత శాస్త్ర ప్రకారం పూజ చేయించిన బ్రాహ్మణోత్తమునికి గంధం, పుష్పం, అక్షింతలతో పూజించి 12 కుడుములు వాయనమిచ్చి , దక్షిణ తాంబూలములిచ్చి నమస్కరించారు. బ్రాహ్మణుడు వారిని ఆశీర్వదించారు. వరలక్ష్మీ దేవికి నైవేద్యం గా పెట్టిన పిండివంటలను బంధుమిత్రులతో తిని తమ కోసం వచ్చిన గుర్రాలు, ఏనుగులు మొదలైన వాహనాలలోవారి యిండ్లకు బయలు దేరారు.

వారు దోవలో చారిమతి భాగ్యమును, తమ భాగ్యమును ముచ్చటించుకుంటూ వెళ్ళారు. లక్ష్మీదేవి తనంతట తానే స్వప్నములో వచ్చి ప్రత్యక్షమవట మంటే మాటలా? చారుమతి ఎంత అదృష్టవంతురాలు అనుకున్నారు. చారుమతికి ప్రత్యక్షమైన విధానం తన మటుకే దాచుకుని తను ఒక్కతే పూజించకూండా, తమ అందరికీ చెప్పి, తమకి కూడా ఇంతటి సౌభాగ్యం కలగజేసిన చారుమతి ఎంతటి పుణ్యురాలు, అలాంటి ఆమె పరిచయం కలిగి ఉండిన తామెంత భాగ్యవంతులు అని ఎంతో మురుసిపోయారు.

అప్పటి నుంచీ చారుమతితో సహా వారందరూ క్రమం తప్పకుండా ప్రతీ సంవత్సరం ఈ పూజ చేస్తూ పుత్రపౌత్రాభి వృద్ధి కలిగి, ధన కనక వస్తు వాహనములు కలిగి, సుఖ సంతోషాలతో ఉన్నారు. కావున 'ఓ పార్వతీ! ఈ ఉత్తమమైన వ్రతమును చేస్తే, అలా ఎదుటి వారికి చెప్పి చేయిస్తే సర్వసౌభాగ్యములు కలిగి శుభముగా ఉంటారు. ఈ కథను విన్నవారికి, చదివిన వారికి కూడా వరలక్ష్మీ ప్రసాదము వలన సకల కార్యములూ సిద్ధించును' అన్నాడు పరమశివుడు.

సూత మహాముని శౌనకుడు మొదలగు వారితో 'మునులారా! విన్నారుగా చారుమతి ఎదుటివారి మంచి కూడా ఎలా కోరిందో! ఎదుటి మనిషికి మంచి కలగాలని కోరుకుంటే అమ్మవారు యింకా ప్రసన్నురాలై మీరు కోరకుండానే మీకు మంచి చేస్తుంది' అన్నారు.

వరలక్ష్మీ వ్రత కల్పము సమాప్తము.

కథాక్షతలు అమ్మవారి మీద వేసి, మీ మీద వేసుకుని, మిగతా వారి మీద వెయండి.

Rakshana bandhan

Rakshana bandhanam is to be performed on the evening of saarava pournami day every year by the ladies seeking welfare of their brotherhood. To tie the thread we have to use only thread soaked in turmeric and not the colour threads as well as the designs as of doing now by present day generations.

This is available in vamana purana.

After conquering the entire property from Maha bali, lord vaman stayed along with bali in patala loka to safeguard his properties acquired. Mahalakshmi patiently waiting for mahavishnu to return but he has not done so. She was worried and there is no other way except to approach maha bali to request to spare her husband. So she approached mahabali in patala loka as a normal woman without showing her identity and tied a thread soaked in turmeric by reciting the following sloka:

YENA BADHO CALI RAAJA DANAVENDRO MAHA BALAHATENA !
TWAAMAPI BADHNAAMI RAKSHE MAA CHALA MAA CHALA !!

Maha bali very much pleased and wanted to present the lady then she came into her own existance and asked to mahabali to spare vamanamurthy who is safeguarding his properties. Accordingly mahabali prayed to vamana murthy and requested to accompany with mahalakshmi and presented with many gifts to her.From that day onwards it is become a customary to tie the sacred thread soaked in turmeric into their brothers right hand on sravana pournami day between 04.00 and 07.00pm in sukra budha and chandra hora time duly praying the almighty to safeguard their brothern with good health and progeny. The male counterparts in return has to give some presents to their sisters to please them.

Puraan

Puraan are important religious books of Hindu religion. Literally "stories of ancient times",

Puraan are about the three major deities - Brahmaa, Vishnu and Shiv. Although some of the stories may relate back to real events that occurred as early as 1500 BC, they were not compiled until the Gupt period in the 5th century AD. During the destruction of the world at the end of the age, Hayagreev is said to have saved the Puraan. A summary of the original work is now preserved in Heaven. The stories are often the only source of information about the period immediately following the early Ved.

Each Puraan was intended to deal with five themes -
(1) Sarg - the creation of the world;
(2) Pratisarg - its destruction and recreation;
(3) Vansh - the genealogy of gods and patriarchs,
(4) Manvantar - the reigns and periods of the Manu, and
(5) Vanshaanucharit - the history of the solar and lunar dynasties.

The tradition of writing in Sanskrit language in the courts continued until Muslims replaced it with Persian (from the first three decades of 10th century, just before the Norman conquest of England, when the Turk Mahamood of Gazanee carried Muslim power across Panjaab into India until the 18th century)


There are said to be 108 Puraan, but 18 Puraan are most common and popularly read. Their complete list is given here below in alphabetical order.: 

1. Agni Puraan (15,400 verses)
2. Bhaagvat Puraan (18,000 verses) - gives the story of Krishna Avataar.
3. Bhavishya Puraan (14,500 verses)
4. Brahm Puraan (24,000 verses)
5. Brahmaand Puraan (12,000 verses) - includes Lalitaa Sahastra Naam,
6. Brahm Vaivart Puraan (18,000 verses)
7. Garud Puraan (19,000 verses) - gives the description of the other world and afterlife.
*8. Harivansh Puraan (16,000 verses) - more often considered Itihaas
9. Koorma Puraan (17,000 verses) - gives the story of Koorm Avataar.
*10. Ling Puraan (11,000 verses)
11. Maarkandeya Puraan (9,000 verses) - names of the places where 51 pieces of Satee fell; 'Durgaa Saptasatee' in13 chapters;
12. Matsya Puraan (14,000 verses) - gives the story of Matsya Avataar.
13. Naarad Puraan (25,000 verses)
14. Padma Puraan (55,000 verses)
15. Shiva Puraan (24,000 verses) - mentions the story of Satee
16. Skand Puraan (81,100 verses) - gives the story of Skand (Kaartikeya)
*17. Sthal Puraan - about Arjun's Tap to please Shiv Jee;
18. Vaaman Puraan (10,000 verses) - mentions the story of Vaaman Avataar.
19. Varaah Puraan (10,000 verses) - gives the story of Varaah Avataar
20. Vaayu Puraan (24,000 verses)
21. Vishnu Puraan (23,000 verses)

Except the starred ones Harivansh, Ling, and Sthal Puraan, the other 18 Puraan are the most established Puraan or commonly known as mahaa Puraan.
Among these 18 Puraan, six are Saattwik Puraan glorifying Vishnu (Bhaagvat, Vishnu, Padm, Matsya, Varaah, Vaaman); six are Raajsaik glorifying Brahmaa and the rest six are Taamasik glorifying Shiva (Shiv, Maarkandeya, Skand).

:: Puraan ::

A set of 18 books written over a period 2,800 years. Originally around 1100 BC. One Puraan was written based on oral tradition which eventually expanded to 18 voluminous books.

The original Puraan contains 5 topics -
(1) The process of creation - this is described as consisting 7 stages - the 7th and the last one gives rise to human beings.
(2) The process of dissolution.
(3) The measurement of time and how the cycle of creation and dissolution occurs, specifically the Puraan claimed that after every Kalp the Universe is completely destroyed and is again created for the next Kalp. Each Kalp consists of 14 Manvantar. At the end of each Manvantar, the human race is destroyed. The present Manvantar is the 7th Manvantar. At the beginning of each Manvantar a new Manu is born who starts the human race.
(4) The genealogies of kings and Rishi.
(5) And the biological sketches of famous kings and Rishi.

As the Puraan grew in size and number, less emphasis was placed on genealogies and more on describing the live incarnations of God.
These 18 Puraan are
(1) Agni,
(2) Bhaagvat,
(3) Bhavishya,
(4) Brahm,
(5) Brahmaand,
(6) Brahmvaivart,
(7) Garud,
(8) Koorm,
(9) Ling,
(10) Maarkandeya,
(11) Matsya,
(12) Naarad,
(13) Padma,
(14) Skand,
(15) Vaaman,
(16) Varaah,
(17) Vaayu, and
(18) Vishnu.

Shiv Puraan which was perhaps added after 1600 AD and which assumed great importance, is considered one of the minor 18 Puraan. The interpolators and writers of these 18 Puraan inserted matter in all of these at all times, this is the reason everyone of these Puraan mentions all other Puraan. And because the interpolator did not care what other interpolators added, there are lots of duplicate stories and matter, contradictions and historical differences. It seems that caliber of these writers was very low, that is why much of the materials of these Puraan is of poor quality in its contents. Some of the material is definitely obscene and even blasphemous.

It was during this period that Ganapati and Shiv, the two formless gods, were transformed into elephant-headed Ganesh and human Shiv who married and had children.

The approximate dates of some of the Puraan are as follows :-(might not be true)

Brahm Puraan - 350 AD
Matsya and Vaayu Puraan - 500 AD
Brahmaand Puraan - 600 AD
Agni and Padma Puraan - 700 AD
Vishnu and Garud Puraan - 750 AD
Koorm and Ling Puraan - 800 AD
Bhaagvat and Maarkandeya Puraan - 850 AD
Vaaman and Brahmvaivart Puraan - 900 AD
Naarad, Varaah, and Skand Puraan - 1000 AD
Bhavishya Puraan - 1100 AD.
And Shiv Puraan was perhaps produced around 1600 AD.

:: Characteristics of a Puraan ::

Maharshi have told ten characteristics of a Puraan according to Ved and Shaastra.

According to them the followings should be in a Puraan to call it a Puraan,

they are :-
  • Vishwa Sarg,
  • Visarg, 
  • Vritti, 
  • Rakshaa, 
  • Manvantar, 
  • Vansh, 
  • Vanshaanucharit, 
  • Sansthaa (Pralaya), 
  • Hetu (Ooti), and 
  • Apaashraya. 
some tell only five but both are correct, because Mahaa-Puraan (large Puraan) have all the ten, while the short ones have only five.

Now you listen to those ten characteristics -

(1) When Gun get Kshobh in Mool Prakriti, then Mahat-Tattwa appears and from that appear three types of Ahankaar - Sat, Raj and Tam; and from these three Ahankaar appear Panch-Tanmaatraa, Indriyaan and pleasures. This creation is called Sarg.

(2) By the grace of Parameshwar, Mahat Tattwa attain the power of creation and create this world in its physical form according to their previous actions is called Visarg.

(3) Moving living beings live on non-moving things including the milk of moving living beings. Among them some have been prescribed by Shaastra and some have been decided by the living beings themselves. This is called Vritti.

(4) Bhagavaan takes Avataar in various forms to do Leelaa to protect the world, that is why it is called Rakshaa.

(5) In whatever time there are these six things - Manu, Devta, Manu's sons, Indra, Sapt Rishi and Bhagavaan's Ansh Avataar, that duration of period is called Manvantar.

(6) Whoever kings are born from Brahmaa Jee, the description of those kings and their descendents, is called Vansh.

(7) The description of those people's lives, is called Vanshaanucharit.

(8) This Brahmaand ends in Pralaya, and Pralaya is of four types - Naimittik, Praakritik, Nitya and Aatyantik, they are called Sansthaa.

(9) This Jeev is Hetu [cause = Kaaran] because this is the cause of Sarg and Visarg. Under the influence of A-Vidyaa (ignorance) he has involved himself in Karm.

(10) Jeev's Vritti (nature) is of three types - conscious, sub-conscious, and unconscious. Whosoever is beyond this Vritti, he becomes free from Karm Pravritti and is called Brahm or Apaashraya.

|| पुराण ||

पुराण शब्द ‘पुरा’ एवं ‘अण’ शब्दों की संधि से बना है, जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ -‘पुराना’ अथवा ‘प्राचीन’ होता है । ‘पुरा’ शब्द का अर्थ है - अनागत एवं अतीत ।

‘अण’ शब्द का अर्थ होता है -कहना या बतलाना अर्थात् जो पुरातन अथवा अतीत के तथ्यों, सिद्धांतों, शिक्षाओं, नीतियों, नियमों और घटनाओं का विवरण प्रस्तुत करे। माना जाता है कि सृष्टि के रचनाकर्ता ब्रह्माजी ने सर्वप्रथम जिस प्राचीनतम धर्मग्रंथ की रचना की, उसे पुराण के नाम से जाना जाता है। हिन्दू सनातन धर्म में, पुराण सृष्टि के प्रारम्भ से माने गये हैं, इसलिए इन्हें सृष्टि का प्राचीनतम ग्रंथ मान लिया जाता है किन्तु ये बहुत बाद की रचना है। सूर्य के प्रकाश की भाँति पुराण को ज्ञान का स्रोत माना जाता है। जैसे सूर्य अपनी किरणों से अंधकार हटाकर उजाला कर देता है, उसी प्रकार पुराण अपनी ज्ञानरूपी किरणों से मानव के मन का अंधकार दूर करके सत्य के प्रकाश का ज्ञान देते हैं। सनातनकाल से ही जगत पुराणों की शिक्षाओं और नीतियों पर ही आधारित है।

प्राचीनकाल से पुराण देवताओं, ऋषियों, मनुष्यों - सभी का मार्गदर्शन करते रहे हैं। पुराण मनुष्य को धर्म एवं नीति के अनुसार जीवन व्यतीत करने की शिक्षा देते हैं। पुराण मनुष्य के कर्मों का विश्लेषण कर उन्हें दुष्कर्म करने से रोकते हैं। पुराण वस्तुतः वेदों का विस्तार हैं। वेद बहुत ही जटिल तथा शुष्क भाषा - शैली में लिखे गए हैं। वेदव्यास जी ने पुराणों की रचना और पुनर्रचना की। कहा जाता है, "पूर्णात पुराण।" जिसका अर्थ है, जो वेदों का पूरक हो, अर्थात् पुराण। वेदों की जटिल भाषा में कही गई बातों को पुराणों में सरल भाषा में समझाया गया हैं। पुराण-साहित्य में अवतारवाद को प्रतिष्ठित किया गया है। निर्गुण निराकार की सत्ता को मानते हुए सगुण साकार की उपासना करना इन ग्रंथों का विषय है। पुराणों में अलग-अलग देवी-देवताओं को केन्द्र में रखकर पाप-पुण्य, धर्म-अधर्म और कर्म-अकर्म की कहानियाँ हैं। प्रेम, भक्ति, त्याग, सेवा, सहनशीलता ऐसे मानवीय गुण हैं, जिनके अभाव में उन्नत समाज की कल्पना नहीं की जा सकती। पुराणों में देवी-देवताओं के अनेक स्वरूपों को लेकर एक विस्तृत विवरण मिलता है। पुराणकारों ने देवताओं की दुष्प्रवृत्तियों का व्यापक विवरण किया है लेकिन मूल उद्देश्य सद्भावना का विकास और सत्य की प्रतिष्ठा ही है।पुराणों की संख्या


18 विख्यात पुराण हैं :

विष्णु पुराण ब्रह्मा पुराण शिव पुराणविष्णु पुराण ब्रह्म पुराण शिव पुराणभागवत पुराण ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण लिङ्ग पुराणनारद पुराण ब्रह्म वैवर्त पुराण स्कन्द पुराणगरुड़ पुराण मार्कण्डेय पुराण अग्नि पुराणपद्म पुराण भविष्य पुराण मत्स्य पुराणवराह पुराण वामन पुराण कूर्म पुराण

यह सूची विष्णु पुराण पर आधारित है। मत्स्य पुराण की सूची में शिव पुराण के स्थान पर वायु पुराण है।

:: पुराणों में श्लोक संख्या ::

संसार की रचना करते समय ब्रह्मा ने एक ही पुराण की रचना की थी। जिसमें एक अरब श्लोक थे। यह पुराण बहुत ही विशाल और कठिन था। पुराणों का ज्ञान और उपदेश देवताओं के अलावा साधारण जनों को भी सरल ढंग से मिले ये सोचकर महर्षि वेद व्यास ने पुराण को अठारह भागों में बाँट दिया था। इन पुराणों में श्लोकों की संख्या चार लाख है। महर्षि वेदव्यास द्वारा रचे गये अठारह पुराणों और उनके श्लोकों की संख्या इस प्रकार है :

:: सुखसागर के अनुसार पुराण श्लोकों की संख्या ::

ब्रह्मपुराण - दस हज़ारपद्मपुराण - पचपन हज़ारविष्णुपुराण - तेइस हज़ारशिवपुराण - चौबीस हज़ारश्रीमद्भावतपुराण - अठारह हज़ारनारदपुराण - पच्चीस हज़ारमार्कण्डेयपुराण - नौ हज़ारअग्निपुराण - पन्द्रह हज़ारभविष्यपुराण - चौदह हज़ार पाँच सौब्रह्मवैवर्तपुराण - अठारह हज़ारलिंगपुराण - ग्यारह हज़ारवाराहपुराण - चौबीस हज़ारस्कन्धपुराण - इक्यासी हज़ार एक सौकूर्मपुराण - सत्रह हज़ारमत्सयपुराण - चौदह हज़ारगरुड़पुराण - उन्नीस हज़ारब्रह्माण्डपुराण - बारह हज़ारमनपुराण - दस हज़ार

:: पुराणों की संख्या अठारह क्यों ? ::

* अणिमा, लघिमा, प्राप्ति, प्राकाम्य, महिमा, सिद्धि, ईशित्व या वाशित्व, सर्वकामावसायिता, सर्वज्ञत्व, दूरश्रवण, सृष्टि, पराकायप्रवेश, वाकसिद्धि, कल्पवृक्षत्व, संहारकरणसामर्थ्य, भावना, अमरता, सर्वन्याय - ये अट्ठारह सिद्धियाँ मानी जाती हैं।* सांख्य दर्शन में पुरुष, प्रकृति, मन, पाँच महाभूत ( पृथ्वी, जल, वायु, अग्नि और आकाश ), पाँच ज्ञानेद्री ( कान, त्वचा, चक्षु, नासिका और जिह्वा) और पाँच कर्मेंद्री (वाक, पाणि, पाद, पायु और उपस्थ ) ये अठारह तत्त्व वर्णित हैं।* छः वेदांग, चार वेद, मीमांसा, न्यायशास्त्र, पुराण, धर्मशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, आयुर्वेद, धनुर्वेद और गंधर्व वेद ये अठारह प्रकार की विद्याएँ मानी जाती हैं ।* एक संवत्सर, पाँच ऋतुएँ और बारह महीने - ये सब मिलकर काल के अठारह भेदों को बताते हैं ।* श्रीमद् भागवत गीता के अध्यायों की संख्या भी अठारह है ।* श्रीमद् भागवत में कुल श्लोकों की संख्या अठारह हज़ार है ।* श्रीराधा, कात्यायनी, काली, तारा, कूष्मांडा, लक्ष्मी, सरस्वती, गायत्री, छिन्नमस्ता, षोडशी, त्रिपुरभैरवी, धूमावती, बगलामुखी, मातंगी, पार्वती, सिद्धिदात्री, भगवती, जगदम्बा के ये अठारह स्वरूप माने जाते हैं ।* श्रीविष्णु, शिव, ब्रह्मा, इन्द्र आदि देवताओं के अंश से प्रकट हुई भगवती दुर्गा अठारह भुजाओं से सुशोभित हैं ।

HINDU RITES & RITUALS

ituals form an important part of every religion. Hinduism is no exception to it. In fact, Hinduism has most number of rituals than any other religion. Most of the rituals are for personal benefits while some of them are for world peace and for benefits of the whole society and environment also. Hinduism divides life in some stages and each stage is associated with a ritual e.g. birth of a child, marriage, death, etc. It is not compulsory to follow all of them but they are highly recommended. Now a day, Hindus do not perform all of the rituals because of the changes in lifestyle. Hindu rituals have some kind of mystical science associated with them. Some people could find them outdated or useless, but they do have deep meanings and really help people.
Sixteen Samskaras:
1. Garbhadhana: First Samskara done immediately after the marriage.
2. Pumsavana: A ritual done in the third month of pregnancy.
3. Simanatonayana: A ritual done in the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy.
4. Jatakarman: A ritual done immediately after a male child is born.
5. Namakarana: Naming ceremony performed on the 12th day of the birth.
6. Nishkramana: A ritual done when child is first taken out of the house.
7. Annaprashana: When child starts to eat solid food in the sixth month.
8. Chudakarna: Cutting the child’s hair for the first time.
9. Karnavedha: Ear piercing.
10. Vidyarambha: Starting the education of a child.
11. Upanayana: Thread ceremony
12. Praishartha: Learning of Vedas and Upanishadas.
13. Keshanta and Ritushuddhi: Keshanta is for boys and ritushuddhi is for girls.
14. Samavartana: Ceremony at the end of formal education.
15. Vivaha: Marriage ceremony.
16. Antyeshti or Antim Sanskar: A ritual done at the time of cremation.

Common Dharmas

Manu’s Dharma Sastra defines dharmas common to all as under:“Ahimsa satyam-astheyam soucham indriyanigraha:” (Manusmriti)Non-violence, truth, non-stealing, purity, control of sense-organs- these five are very important. In Veda, devotion to mother, father, guru and God etc. have also been cited as common dharmas.
Let us consider the five dharmas.
  1. Ahimsa: Non-violence is everyone’s requirement. We should not kill even an ant. We should not cause any trouble to the body of anyone. That is Ahimsa. This Ahimsa has been cited as an instrument of yoga.
What is Yoga? Yoga is stopping the mind.“Yogas-chittavritti-nirodhah” (Yogasutra of Patanjali).Desire sprouts in mind. Mind thinks of many things. Many difficulties arise from that.“Mana eva manushyanam karanam bandha-mokshayo:” (Upanishad)The meaning is that mind alone is the cause of bondage and freedom. Mind does not stay the way we want. If we tell the mind to think of a particular object, it goes off somewhere else. If we want mind not to think of anything at all, it is just not possible. If we tell mouth not to speak, it will not speak. If we tell eyes not to see, they will not see. But if we tell mind not to think of anything, it does not do so. Mind is not under our control. If we tell mind not to think, it should not think. But mind thinks of something opposed to what we want it to think. A mad fellow does not remain quiet. He will keep mumbling something. We are unable to shut his mouth. In the same way we are unable to control our mind. We are mentally mad. If we have our mind under control, it should act as we instruct. If we say ‘think’, it should think; if we say ‘halt’, it should halt. Then only it can be said to listen to us. If we have pain somewhere in the body, the mind comes to know of it. If we then tell mind not to think it pains, it should listen. That is keeping mind under our control. We may think that if intellect is under our control, there will be no difficulty. If a tiger threatens us and if we tell the mind to be as if the tiger has not threatened, the mind will obey. If we tell the mind to weep, it will weep; if we tell it not to weep, it will not. Now our mind weeps even when there is no reason to weep. When the mind is under our control, if we tell it not to weep even in the presence of a reason to weep, it will not weep. That state is called ‘Nirodha’ (control). Then if we tell the mind not to get angry, it will not.
Now even our mouth is not entirely under our control. We talk something wrongly and then we feel sorry. There is little difference between us and a mad man. Even a mad man sometimes talks coherently. We are suddenly overcome by fear or anger. To get rid of these, we have to control the mind.
When the mind is under control in this manner, it is called ‘Tailadhara’ (continuous flow of oil). We have to look at mind as continuous attention. If mind has come under our control, it is better than even seeing Iswara. Joy erupts if we see Iswara. If we tell mind to remain in that joy, it stays. If we tell mind to remain as Iswara, it will remain so. Whatever we may instruct, it will listen. That alone is Yoga.
Now our mind thinks of objects other than that, the thought of which will give us comfort. What will bring this mind under control? If we tell it to get a little angry, it should do so; if we tell it not to, it should not. We have to seek a way for this. That too must be sought before death.Veda says ‘Tamevam vidvan amruta iha bhavati’ (Purushasuktham).‘One who knows Him thus becomes liberated even here (in this birth itself).“Saknoteehaiva ya:sodhum prak-sarira-vimokshanat|Kama-krodh-odbhavam vegam sa yukta: sa sukhi nara: ||” (Gita 5:23)When there are sources of desire and anger, one should make efforts to control their passion in this birth. One who does so is alone ‘yukta’. ‘Yukta’ means one who is in yoga. Yogas are not for Rishis alone. Who requires medicine? Is it not the sick person? We suffer from the disease of the mind. Hence we need yoga. What is the method to control the mind? There are two ways. They are outer and inner methods. We have to ask persons who know about this; persons who have controlled their minds. Bhagavan Sri Krishna is ever in control of mind. Our Acharya is also in control of mind.
Some people are fair-complexioned right at birth. Some others go abroad and wear special dresses and show that they are fair-complexioned. Some creatures fly right at birth. Some others fly later. A fish swims right at birth. We swim after some time. Iswara is ever in control of mind from birth. He remains always. We have to put in efforts to make the mind steady. Vidyaranya, Sadasiva Brahmendra et al are of this category. These two persons have told us the ways to control the mind. Out of the two methods mentioned earlier, the outer method is one. This means helping from outside- Danam (ceremonial gift), dharma, Sandhya, Oupasanam, yagna, study of Vedas, helping others etc. If we do these sincerely, the mind will be controlled.
Inner method is helping from near. If we consider Pujas in temple, help is required from the porter, one who helps in lighting the lamp for waving before God, one who brings food being offered to God et al. Inner methods are close at hand like these persons. There are many inner methods. Ahimsa is one of them. There is nothing not achievable by mind. As it is not controlled, it is powerless. If elephant is not controlled, it is of no use to us; there will only be trouble. If it is controlled, many are the things we can achieve through it. This mind has the strength of many elephants. Visvamitra, Hanuman et al conquered their minds. That is why they had so much power. We have the same mind. If we can make our mind listen to us, we can also do anything. Vedanta says that the entire universe was created by one mind. This universe is not adequate even for the mind of an ant.
Mind is like a goblin. It is like the vetala in the story of Vikramaditya. Mind will do all the things which the vetala did when it was brought under control. Yoga is bringing that mind under our control. Ahimsa is part of that yoga. People have said that they adopted Ahimsa and the mind came under control.
Hence this Ahimsa is included in common dharmas in Manu dharmasastra. In Yoga sastra, it is mentioned as a part of yoga. In order to make the greatness of Ahimsa clear, it was expounded in such detail.
If we do something for a main purpose, there will be some additional benefits. They are called ‘Avaantara prayojanam’. We go to the Matham to have darshan of Puja. In addition, we are able to listen to the discourses of many Sastris. These happen on their own. Our primary aim is not those discourses. We see many people. We see many scholars and devotees. All this is unintended benefit. Darshan of Puja is the primary benefit; the rest are secondary benefits.
Ahimsa also has some secondary benefits. The primary aim of Ahimsa is control of mind. That is the prime benefit. “Ahimsa-pratishthayam tat-sannidhou vaira-tyaga:” (Patanja Yogasutram 2:35).If we have achieved Ahimsa with all three instrumentalities (thought, word and deed), all will attain peace in our presence.
One should not think of troubling another. He should not speak words that would hurt another. With body also, one should not cause any trouble to anyone. By nature none will feel like troubling another. But if another person commits an offence, it occurs to one to indulge in violence out of anger. If our child sets fire to the roof, will we get angry with the child? We will put off the fire immediately. We will see that this does not recur again. We should behave in the same manner with the person who troubles us. We should treat him like a child. That is Ahimsa. With that Ahimsa, mind comes under control; this is the primary benefit. In addition, even those who come with murderous anger will become peaceful in his presence. Even cruel persons will get peace of mind in his presence. That is the secondary benefit of Ahimsa; it happens automatically.
In Varnasrama dharmas, those who are born as brahmanas and have become sanyasis must practise Ahimsa in toto. While taking sanyasa, they promise that:“Ahimsan sarvabhutan-yanyatra tirthebhya:” (Chandogya Upanishad VIII 15:1).This means: ‘There is no fear for all creatures from me.’
Grihastha must practise Ahimsa in matters other than svadharma. There may be violence in actions stipulated in Veda. He should practise Ahimsa in actions other than those. Matters regarding Ahimsa have been mentioned in Gautama Dharmasutra and Chandogya Upanishad. Grihastha must practise Ahimsa in actions other than those stipulated in Veda. Sanyasi’s duty is to practise it fully. He should not cook; not pluck leaf; not do similar actions.
  1. Satyam: Satyam (truth) has a characteristic.
“Vang-manasayor-ikarupyam satyam”Satyam is mind and speech acting in the same form. Bhagavan has given us speech to express that which is in the mind. If speech is used for telling lies, he will give us bull’s birth later. Just as there is exception in Ahimsa, there is exception in Satyam too. The exception in Ahimsa applies only to grihastha; that in Satyam applies to all.
Suppose one keeps narrating the mistakes of others in the village and keeps saying: ‘So-and-so is a knave; he did this etc.’ Even if whatever he says is true and represents unity of thought and speech, it does not qualify as Satyam. It has been said: ‘Satyam bhutahitam priyam’. That which is in the mind should come out in speech is its general characteristic. All our actions are meant to generate good. Satyam should also generate good. If good is generated, it is Satyam. If evil is generated, it is not Satyam. Satyam should result in welfare of all creatures. Desire or anger should not be the base of Satyam. One’s fault could be mentioned and criticised. Words intended to bring down his honour are not Satyam, though true. Through Satyam we should not cause hurt or trouble to the other. We should generate good for ourselves or some other creature, as the case may be. When we utter words of truth, they must be said in peace. To the listener those words must bring good. This is Satyam with word.
Satyam should be practised with mind also. We should not wish to tell untruth.
Untruth practised with body is actions like pretending to have taken bath when one has not bathed. Satyam should be practised with all three instrumentalities (thought, word and deed). For ‘chittavritti-nirodha’ (mind control) that is also a cause.
There is a secondary benefit for Satyam too. If we make a habit of speaking truth always, the mind will think of Satyam alone. Speech will always utter Satyam. Then whatever is said will come true. Everything will be as thought out in the mind. The way speech turns into truth is through Satyam. This power is the power of blessing and curse. If speakers of Satyam say ‘today is Purnima (full moon day)’, the Moon will come immediately. The power of blessing and curse will manifest.
We feel we have no liking for money. What is the sign of it? If we feel even in dream that money is not needed, the detachment can be trusted. In a dream if someone offers money and we ask him to bring it, it is wrong. Satyam should be steady even in dream. Then Satyam will become powerful; whatever we say will happen.“Satya-pratishthayam kriya-phala-asrayatvam”.But Satyam should not be practised with this secondary benefit in view.
Vairagyam (non-attachment) is another internal tool. It is said to be very strong. Its secondary benefit is the power of visibility of treasures. If someone says ‘I am non-attached; but I do not see any treasures’, the degree of his non-attachment becomes clear. If he expects to see treasure, he is not truly detached.
Similarly we should not practise Satyam for its secondary benefit.
  1. Astheyam: We should not have illicit desire. Astheyam means non-stealing. Another’s wealth should not be snatched through deceit or by force. Taking hold of another’s wealth through letter (false document) is the worst thing to do.

  1. Soucham: Bodily cleanliness will result in mental purity. Actions for bodily cleanliness have been mentioned in Dharma Sastras. For the past 40-50 years, bodily cleanliness is not practised in our country as laid down in Sastras. Sastras explain that body should be cleansed using specified cleaning agents at prescribed times; vessels should be cleaned in specified manner etc. Cleanliness is primarily required in all karmas. It should be maintained properly. Even if we have forgotten now, we should learn and practise it. If we do not do even this, how are we to control mind?
There is no use listening or reading in books about all this; it should be brought into action. If we are to remain in comfort, we should maintain purity. From children right upto old persons, everyone should have a separate water-pot. That pot alone should be used for cleansing activities. Pot for drinking water should also be maintained individually. One should not drink from another’s pot. The vessel should be cleaned with cleaning agent appropriate to the material of that vessel, e.g. silver, copper etc. Wherever we go for eating, we should carry our water-pot. We should not drink from another’s water-pot. This should be practised by all castes. Everyone should maintain cleanliness in doing acts as per his caste.
  1. Control of Sense-organs: We should not permit our sense-organs to go about uncontrolled. We should feed each sense-organ only to pre-determined limit. Actual experience should conform to that limit. If limit is exceeded, we should have the power to control the sense-organs.
The above mentioned five dharmas are primary for those who practise theism and Vedic religion. These are the chief common dharmas.